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The three-way knock-on effect

Enterprise-Wide Risk Management

Some of the most notorious derivatives debacles of the 1990s resulted from companies having large operational exposure while paying little or no attention to market and credit exposure.

Take Barings Bank, which – thanks to insufficient monitoring of market and credit activity combined with the failure of operational safeguards – lost $2 billion and ultimately filed for bankruptcy. Other examples include Orange County California, which lost $1.7 billion on interest rate swaps; Metallgesellschaft

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